![]() Hospitalization is reserved for treating co-occurring conditions or possible complications, such as substance intoxication/withdrawal or recent suicidal behavior. Also, the presence of those with ASPD in a psychiatric hospital disrupts the environment, thus affecting the treatment of other patients in need of therapeutic care. Hospitalization is not cost-effective as it provides little to no benefit to those with ASPD, and it is very costly. Most of the needs of antisocial personality disorder are addressable in the outpatient setting. However, certain psychopharmacology and psychotherapy have been used throughout literature, but due to the severity of potential harms in adulthood, intricate consideration is necessary when delineating a treatment course. Literature suggests early treatment intervention with conduct disorder in children as the least costly and most effective with treating antisocial personality disorder. Īlthough a multitude of interventions has been tested in the past, an appropriate algorithm fails to exist today. Interactions of specific genes with the environment have been an area of study as well, with evidence of variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) contributing to the broad ranges of behavior elicited in ASPD due to its effect on the influence of deviant peer affiliation. Research has been focused on establishing the exact gene contributing to ASPD and much evidence is pointing toward the 2p12 region of chromosome 2 and variation within AVPR1A. Other studies stress the importance of both shared and non-shared environmental factors, including both family dynamics and peer relations on the development of antisocial personality disorder. Environmental factors that correlate to the development of ASPD include adverse childhood experiences (both physical and sexual abuse, as well as neglect) along with childhood psychopathology (CD and ADHD). Various studies in the past have shown differing estimations of heritability, ranging from 38% to 69%. Īlthough the precise etiology is unknown, both genetic and environmental factors have been found to play a role in developing antisocial personality disorder. Changes in personality traits with age and increased mortality with the behavior of ASPD have been hypothesized to justify this age-dependent alteration. ![]() Research shows reductions in the prevalence rate with increasing age in criminal populations, as well as epidemiological samples. Substance abuse has been found to show a significant correlation to the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, while education and intelligence displays a negative correlation, with a higher prevalence of ASPD amongst those with lower IQs and reading levels. Gender distribution tends to be skewed towards males, with 3 to 5 times more likelihood of being diagnosed with ASPD than females, with 6% men and 2% women within the general population. Due to the predicting factor of the initial diagnosis of conduct disorder before the age of 15, this assumption can be quite broad as CD is not always evaluated properly. The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1 to 4%. Recent literature states that although a heterogeneous construct that can subdivide into multiple subtypes that share many similarities and are often comorbid but not synonymous, individuals with antisocial personality disorder must be characterized biologically and cognitively to ensure more accurate categorization and appropriate treatment. However, others counter that psychopathy is simply a subtype of ASPD, with a more severe presentation. ![]() Many researchers and clinicians argue this diagnosis, with concerns of significant overlap with other disorders, including psychopathy. Before the age of 18, the patient must have been previously diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD) by the age of 15 years old to justify diagnostic criteria for ASPD. Antisocial personality disorder is the only personality disorder that is not diagnosable in childhood. All of these disorders characteristically demonstrate by dramatic, emotional, and unpredictable interactions with others. ASPD falls into 1 of 4 cluster-B disorders, which also includes borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) classifies all ten personality disorders into three clusters (A, B, and C). Disregard for and violation of the rights of others are common manifestations of this personality disorder, which displays symptoms that include failure to conform to the law, inability to sustain consistent employment, deception, manipulation for personal gain, and incapacity to form stable relationships. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a deeply ingrained and rigid dysfunctional thought process that focuses on social irresponsibility with exploitive, delinquent, and criminal behavior with no remorse.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |